Effects of Online Dating on Society - 1875 Words

Technology has become a huge part of everyday life in today’s society. Everywhere you look someone is using their smart phone, computer, or tablet. Technology has become a primary means of communication for most people. Why would meeting new people and dating be any different? A concept of meeting people without the face to face interaction is something that is more than appealing to a large group of people. While this concept is not new and has been around for years, it has had a dramatic increase over the past few years. According to a study done by Patti M. Valkenburg and Jochen Peter the number of dating sites has increased by 17% in the past two years and about 37% of single Americans that use the internet have gone to a dating site†¦show more content†¦According to an article on the Truth about Lying in Online Dating Profiles by Jeffrey Hancock, Catalina Toma, and Nicole Ellison 86% of online dating participants felt others misrepresented their physical appearan ce (Fiore Donath, 2005). Online dating has become such a huge part of society that research on these subjects has become very common. Studies on all aspects of online have been conducted. These studies include ones that simply study the people who are using online dating sites, why online dating seems like the best fit for people and even studies that show the negatives of online dating. A study called â€Å"Who Visits Online Dating Sites? Exploring some Characteristics of Online Daters† by Patti M. Valkenburg and Jochen Peter explains what type of users that visit online dating sites and why (Valkenburg Peter, 2007). This study talks about several different previous studies that have been conducted that show negative correlations between internet usage and social involvement but also shows that recent studies are showing the opposite results. In this study there are two hypotheses that are used to explain why people are likely to use online dating sites to find partners. The First hypothesis this study explains, is the social compensation hypothesis, which shows that online dating is beneficial for dating anxiety. The second is the rich-get-richer hypothesis that explains that people who alreadyShow MoreRelatedOnline Dating And Its Effect On Society874 Words   |  4 PagesOnline dating in the past verses now has changed drastically in a sense that itâ€⠄¢s users has broaden. According to Arron Smith, a publisher in Pew Research Center, in 1995 there were only 14% of adults dating online compared to today, which is nearly nine in ten people being more accepting to these dating services. Its popularity has always ranged from ages 25 to 34 years of age. However, adults stemming from 35 years and up have been taking an interest in these services as well. Many people who areRead MoreSocial Medi Effects On Relationships1178 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media: Effects on Relationships Social media has affected culture in many ways, mostly relationships. People who are affected by the change in their culture do to society, don’t realize the change that has occurred. Over the years social media has drastically increased and plays a huge role within relationships causing insecurity. Dating sites like EHarmony, Christian Mingle, and others have grown in popularity. Not only have the dating sites become more predominant, there are even ways toRead MoreDivorce And Its Effect On Society1019 Words   |  5 Pageshas been on a rise in America since the past thirty years. Almost every person might be having a divorced member in its family. Divorce has been reported to be the major cause of suicide as well. Many factors lead to divorce, some of which are online dating, financial problems and physical abuse. In the ancient Roman Republic, a simple statement for divorce was sufficient for the dissolution of a marriage. Some local Church councils even had the equivalent of no-fault divorce, in which a coupleRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1648 Words   |  7 Pagessocial media has can be observed all over the world in many different settings. Sadly, this power can be both positive and negative. Though, it may be hard sometimes to see the negative aspects since our society has become so enthralled with social media. First, I will examine the trends in online dating and the surplus of people joining in on this new advance. Next, I will turn my focus to the justice system, where jurors are leaning on social media to aid in their decision making process in court. LastlyRead MoreOnline Dating Websites : A Potential For Partners And Dangers1700 Words   |  7 PagesOnline Dating Websites: A Potential for Partners and Dangers Almost seven billion people reside on Earth, yet many people strive to find â€Å"the one† out of everyone. â€Å"The one† meaning that apparent person to build memories with, grow with, share forever with – yes, that one. However, finding that one special person is as easy as finding a needle in the haystack, or possibly even harder. On top of that, only a small fraction of the world’s population are the ones people actually meet in person, soRead MoreSocial Networks : A Network Of Individuals888 Words   |  4 Pagesthan ever because as soon as it was released everyone who could read it and knew what was happening. Even now newspapers can be seen everywhere, though now a great many people read them online instead of having the actual paper form delivered. With the onset of the Internet not only did the newspaper move online so people could find out what was happening in other cities, but some people even made their own news sites, some talking about th emselves and others about things they love. This is stillRead MorePositive And Negative Effects Of The Internet On Society998 Words   |  4 PagesThere can be both positive and negative effects of the internet on society. With society revolving around the internet, it is clear that the digital age can have both beneficial and harmful impacts on the 21st Century world, including communications, addictions, dating, schooling, work, savings, and hobbies and pastimes. One of the most affected and obvious impacts of the internet is on communications. The internet does make it easier to reach out to other humans both in and outside of our cultures;Read MoreTechnology Is Too Reliant On Technology1539 Words   |  7 Pagesadvancement for mankind, however becoming too reliant on technology can severely damage some of the basic aspects of life that are slowly being diminished by technology. Today’s society is becoming too reliant on technology because it is causing increasing health issues, strained relationships with loved ones, a problematic online dating life, and serious money problems. Becoming too reliant on technology is an awful fate for the health of many people of all ages. Years ago, children played outside moreRead MoreOnline Dating - Breanna Social Media1598 Words   |  7 PagesOnline Dating - Breanna Social Media has become the new thing to be used for online dating. In this day and time, it is not uncommon to meet someone over the internet through various sites that have been created for the public to do just that, COMMUNICATE! Aside from meeting people on your normal sites like Facebook, Instagram, or Twitter, there are now special sites that have been around for some time now that are geared solely towards online dating. These sites have even wentRead MoreSocial Dating is a Modern Phenomenon in our Society937 Words   |  4 Pagesor through face to face interactions. One of the areas in which they are influenced most is dating. Dating is a modern phenomenon which has only recently been brought up in the last century. Not only is dating the norm in the United States, but also in many other modern societies around the world. Courting has become a thing of the past and society has become more and more aware of the idea of dating. Dating is not only recent, but looking throughout history we see that in most cases the only way

The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Louis...

The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Louis Stevenson In the strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Robert Louis Stevenson makes the reader question the extent to which Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are in fact a single character. Until the end of the novel, the two personas seem nothing alike-the well-liked, respectable doctor and the hideous, depraved Hyde are almost opposite in type and personality. Stevenson uses this marked contrast to make his point: every human being contains opposite forces within him or her, an alter ego that hides behind ones polite facade. For us, the reader, to understand fully the characters of either Jekyll or Hyde, we must consider the two physical and mental†¦show more content†¦He also has a positive presence of appearing to be a role model, idol or a saint in some way to lower class London. Another good account is set down by Enfield saying that Dr Henry Jekyll is the very pink of proprieties this Victorian phrase is used to say that Dr Henry Jekyll is very much the best in what he does and that he has peaked at the top of his game, you could say he is to good to be true. As the story goes on Dr Henry Jekyll becomes an addict of his own curiosity and inquisitiveness into science. A quote which proves this comment is In the beginning the difficulty had been to throw off the body of Jekyll, it had of late transferred itself to the other side, that I was slowly loosing hold of my original and better self and becoming slowly incorporated with my second and worse. This quotation is saying that Dr Henry Jekyll was loosing control of him self and the ability to be two personas and was being possessed by his deformed, vile alter ego. Stevenson uses Mr Hyde to show the opposite persona of Dr Jekyll. Hyde represents a violent, deformed monster of which evil is the drive of his actions these actions make Hyde so recognisable in the book. The dominance of Hyde at first is a dormant force withinShow MoreRelated The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson2416 Words   |  10 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson Good and bad. Pure and evil. Right and wrong. Joy and despair. These are all themes Robert Louis Stevenson addresses in his novel, â€Å"The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde† Robert Louis Stevenson presents the view that no human has the capacity to be completely good or completely bad. Instead human nature is shown to exhibit both good and bad with dynamic results. Human nature encourages us to feel and experienceRead MoreThe Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson2251 Words   |  10 PagesThe Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson When asked this question, the immediate answer is, yes. Robert Louis Stevenson uses the features of a conventional horror story, which were very popular at the time, but also uses the story to raise social issues and make criticisms about the hypocrisy and double standards of Victorian society, in general, and Victorian London in particular. The first aspect of horror to be noticed is that the mainRead MoreAnalysis Of The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde, By Robert Louis Stevenson1323 Words   |  6 Pagesdirectly represented in the literature of the time. An excellent example is, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, by Robert Louis Stevenson, which gives a direct image of what Victorian era was like with his writing style as well as the story itself. Specifically, Stevenson portrays exactly how Victorian social life commenced as well as displays the main points of social standards of the time. Robert Louis Stevenson uses individual characters in the novella to accurately depict how people protectedRead More Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson2888 Words   |  12 PagesAnalysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson In an attempt to consider the duality tale, one narrative inevitably finds its way to the top of the heap as the supreme archetype: Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Immense disagreement permeates the pages of literary criticism relevant to the meaning of the story. Yet, for all of the wrangling focused on the psychology, morality, spirituality, and sociality of the story, itRead More Good and Evil in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson4276 Words   |  18 PagesGood and Evil in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson Throughout the story of â€Å"The Strange Case Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde†, the author, Robert Louis Stevenson, presents his idea of the duality of man- where we all have a dark, wicked side within us, where evil is held in waiting to surface, but we hide it away, we pretend it does not exist, and we keep it tame. He presents this idea by using two protagonists, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, who are actually the sameRead MoreLiterary Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson1530 Words   |  7 Pageslocation in the 1800’s during the Victorian era in this novel. As the story unfolds in the classic literature novel, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† written by Robert Louis Stevenson, the magnificent city of London becomes a darker and mysterious location. The powerful city of London embodied the freedom and solitude required for the antagonist of the story, Mr. Hyde to hide his wicked behavior from the society as a whole. According to the history of the Victorian age, â€Å"Traditional waysRead MoreTransformations in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson704 Words   |  3 PagesDr. Jekyll being an eminent doctor, with a powerful social and educational background, has an extremely sophisticated and refined appearance â€Å"a large, well-made, smooth-faced man of fifty† (44). As the quote suggests Dr. Jekyll has a majestic and renowned persona. The charity he does for the society, and his living Standards are all visible through the appearance he manifests. On the other hand, Hyde being Dr. Jekyll’s contrivance, to carry out evil purposes has an unattractive appearance and a repellentRead More Londons Social Class in Robert Louis Stevenson Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde747 Words   |  3 PagesLondons Social Class in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde One Victorian sentiment was that a civilized individual could be determined by her/his appearance. This notion was readily adopted by the upper classes and, among other things, helped shape their views of the lower classes, who certainly appeared inferior to them. In regards to social mobility, members of the upper classes may have (through personal tragedy or loss) often moved to a lower-class status, but rarely did one see an individual moveRead MoreA feminist reading of Doris Lessing’s ‘To Room Nineteen’ and ‘Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ by Robert Louis Stevenson using ideas discussed in ‘The Second Sex’ by Simone de Beauvoir2446 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿A feminist reading of Doris Lessing’s ‘To Room Nineteen’ and ‘Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’ by Robert Louis Stevenson using ideas discussed in ‘The Second Sex’ by Simone de Beauvoir. The concept of Simone de Beauvoir’s myth of women discussed in ‘The Second Sex’ was still very much prevalent in the 1960s when ‘To Room nineteen’ was set and certainly at the time of ‘Strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde’. In the 1960s, in accordance with the second wave of feminism, women were thoughtRead More Robert Stevenson Essay1629 Words   |  7 Pages Robert Louis Stevenson began writing during the Victorian era. His style was unlike anyone elseamp;#8217;s and his stories are still popular today. Robert Louis Stevenson was an author of many classic novels and his literary success became popular when he wrote the mystery called The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Robert Louis Stevenson wrote The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in 1886 at the young age of thirty-six. He was born on November 13, 1850 in Edinburgh, Scotland. His

Large and Small Venture Financial Characteristics

Question: Discuss about the Large and Small Venture Financial Characteristics. Answer: Introdution: The field of accounting profession has been continuously expanding their path and a series of responsibilities are incorporated for keeping record valuables in the most systematic and quantitative manner. The context of choosing the accounting as the best root to be successful business career is because the profession of accounting has now become considered as the language and basic tool of business. However, the matter of success or failure in the judgment of accounting is indeed variable because accounting demands integrity, analytical capabilities and clear vision while recording financial information of business in the most perfect manner. In spite of facilitating the traditional accounting functions, such as cost accounting, payroll and general book-keeping, this profession demands analytical abilities such as cost benefit analysis. The accounting bodies and professionals are already aware about their financial responsibilities and this can be said positively that demand of acco unting professionals are evolving in the business field. Accountant has an important role in the evaluation of financial characteristics. Accountant can easily obtain the financial position of companies by analyzing the financial ratios (Brewer Genay, 2015). In other words, financial characteristics help professionals to observe the financial conditions of the business. This will help to take decision regarding capital gearing, assets acquisition, and operational expenses and so on. However, the success and failure of the business operation is completely depends on well established business structure and an effective and potential execution of the business operations. Furthermore, the ability of the accountant has been tested in everyday while taking decision of investment. A perfect debt and equity needs to be required for developing an effective operating structure of the business. This indicates that accountant is responsible for building capital structure which is all about how a business entity finances its considerable operations and growth by applying different sources of funds. The smooth business operation is completely depends on the adequate availability of funds which is the prime responsibility of an accountant. The financia l professionals like accountant often use debt equity ratio to analyze for providing insight into how risky a firm is. In this context, the accountant helps investors to give an idea about what kind of capital structure is required to be maintained for success or failure of the business. For instance, an aggressive capital structure indicates a greater risk to investors. However, it is the ability of the accountant to handle such risk with proper financial executions because it is the primary source of the firms growth The size of the business venture indicates several variables: the capital exposure in the market, number of employees in the organizations, operational abilities in terms of strength and opportunities, shareholders liability and so on. Interest in developing small and large ventures continues to be in the forefront of policy debates in the developing nations (Kiyotaki Moore, 2012). It is indeed a challenging part of the small venture to make thoughtful investment decisions in terms of choosing ideal financial options and many others. By treating investment as an ongoing strategy and consider several things like limiting current debts, creation of provisional fund or invest in labor to grow would some of the significant business consideration for the small businesses. On the other hand, sound capital investment decisions or engage in RD, innovation to make expanded operational and financial exposure are indeed necessary considerations for the success of the large ventures. Throughout this research work, the study will identify how financial characteristics of a company play an important role in the success or failure of a company. Here the decision making ability of accountant and investors will be evaluated which needs to be practiced for the creation of higher returns. Thus the purpose of this paper is to discuss the focus of previous literatures on the relation between finance and small large ventures development and to point out some of the remarkable financial contributions which certainly be different in case of diverse financial characteristics of ventures. Research aim and Objectives The aim of the research is to discuss the financial characteristics of small and large ventures and their implication in the business. To attain the aim of the research, the following objectives need to be followed: To discuss the relationship of financial characteristics of small and large ventures and its impacts in terms of growth or failure of the business To investigate how accountant and management took their decisions by evaluating the financial characteristics of a company To discuss the role of the financial characteristics of business and their contribution invest for creating higher returns on the basis of financial ratio analysis Research Question How does the financial characteristics of small and large ventures impact on the success or failure of a company? How do the financial characteristics of company helps to take sound investment decisions? What is the role of the financial characteristics of business in the creation of higher returns on the basis of financial ratio analysis? Problem Statement The financial constraints faced by the companies in their operations are considered to have a negative effect on their business growth (Claessens et al., 2012). This is deemed worrying for a developed organization that does not acquire any adequate technology and infrastructure for gaining attention of the big businesses or target consumers. In the recent era of globalization, strengthening the financial performance of the companies is deemed increasingly important. The companies are facing tough competition in maintaining their financial position and this creates lot of problem for the accounting professionals who are the responsible to keep records correctly. For this reason, the company needs to be competitive and considering the same, they require focusing on improving their financial performance (Claessens et al., 2012). The recent research will facilitate discussing the relationship of financial characteristics of small and large ventures and its impacts in terms of growth or f ailure of the business. Preliminary Critical Literature Review Choosing right kind of business entity is the challenging consideration for the business owner. However, the size of the ventures indicates several business aspects. Small ventures are partnerships, privately owned corporations, or sole proprietorships that certainly have a lesser employees or less revenue than a regular-size corporation or business. However, ventures shall be defined small in term of being able to apply for government supports or other preferential tax policies varies depending on the industry or country of operation (Claessens et al., 2012). On the contrary, the large business concerns are associated with different financial structure and more employee base to handle the operations effortlessly. On the statistical or quantitative perspectives, The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) classified a small venture as a active trading business entity with 0-19 employees. Interestingly, the macro business organizations are small businesses with 0-4 staffs. Furthermore, businesses with 20-199 employees are considered as medium business who is contributing the active trading business. This indicates that they are successfully remitting in respect of the role of GST. Lastly, more than 200 employees associated with the company is the perfect example of the large business venture. Financial characteristics of small and large ventures: Small sized ventures are often come together for analytical purpose, although the industry in which the small business is in also likely to play a significant role for determination of the firms financial characteristics. Generally, the financial characteristics comprised with the several financial ideas like profitability, indebtedness and liquidity. On the economic perspectives, small ventures are less likely to borrow compare to larger ones. Benavides-Velasco et al., (2013) stated that large business tends to be made more leveraged compare to small ventures at the time of borrowings. Such fact indicates less exposure of handling debt or liabilities with the help of asset acquisitions in case of the small ventures. In other words, Vogel (2014) explains this fact as the reduced accessibility to finance for small ventures compare to the larger ones. It further reflects the more fluctuating revenue streams of companies which make the gearing ratio of companies more dispersed relative to medium or large business organizations (Graph 1). Industry is also considered to be a significant driver for the analysis of the financial characteristics for deriving the gearing for a business in a particular industry because size of ventures plays large role in this context. On the general perspectives, the small ventures indicate more profitability compare to medium and large companies (Cheng et al., 2014). However, the factor of profitability is indeed varies across industry. For instance, large construction companies tend to have higher return of assets relative to small companies. In most of the industries, however, the median ROA is higher for small business entities. This may indicate that small companies are more risky compare to large ventures with having a greater variation in returns. Lastly, liquidity is the entitys ability to pay its short-term obligations or debt. Here the small companies have fewer capabilities to handle the liquidity relative to large ones. Based on above discussion this can be said that financial characteristics of companies help to analyze financial position of companies on the perspective of industry (Van Der Wijst 2012). Research Process To accomplish the research on an organized manner, this paper will follow a research process. Initially, this paper explains the research topic and background of the different forms of ventures. In the second part, all the financial characteristics of small, medium, large scale ventures and its diverse implications will be discussed. This piece of critical literature review helps in understanding the role of the financial characteristics of companies in decision making and to generate higher returns. Throughout the research, the study will follow a methodical framework and conduct the research gathering sufficient data which needs to be analyzed for getting the expected research outcome. Research Methodology In the methodology section of the research, the study will explore theoretical framework. Here the secondary research will be conducted for gathering the points of financial characteristics of small and large enterprises. Generally, the decision making approach of different types of ventures are different. For this reason, an in depth discussion procedure will be conducted and the descriptive research design will be followed. According to Lambert Lambert (2012), the descriptive research is all about casting light on present issues or problems through the data collection process that enables to describe the financial characteristics more comprehensively which will help to identify its contribution in the financial decision making as well. The descriptive research design is also suitable for assessing characteristics or behaviors of sample population. On the other hand, the deductive research approach will be practiced to explain the means of research questions, which can be derived f rom the propositions of the theory. Here the common observation regarding the financial characteristics of different types of companies will be recorded and understands how an investor make decision by evaluating the financial characteristics on the basis of financial ratio analysis. Data Collection and Analysis Here the sufficient data will be gathered by exploring the secondary data collection method. To know the answers of the research questions, several case studies, journal articles, newspapers, will be collected to gather the necessary resources for conducting this research. Although the research methods are split widely into qualitative and quantitative methods, this study will follow the qualitative data analysis. Under this method, qualitative research does not involve numbers or numerical figures in the research; however this method would be preferable because qualitative analysis results in rich data that gives an in-depth picture and observations. It would be useful to explore how financial characteristics of ventures impacts on the accountants or investors decision making in the business. After conducting this research successfully, this study will clearly identify the relevant features or financial characteristics relevant to a particular size of the ventures. It is obvious that different types of ventures have different financial capabilities and exposures which indicate a specific purpose of investments within the target company. With this understanding, the study will identify the role the financial characteristics in the success or failure of the company. By investigating the positive financial aspects of the company, the accountant or shareholders of the company will get the perfect decision and ensure higher returns as well. Conclusion: Based on the above analysis it can be said that financial characteristics needs to be evaluated before initiating any business projects. It will help to structure business ideas effectively in terms of intending capabilities, size of businesses. However, the financial interpretations and decision making abilities are completely depends on the accountant of the company. Thus a right projections and understanding of financial characteristics help to create higher returns of the business. Here the limitation of the report is that the financial characteristics are identified only on the basis of financial ratios. Financial capabilities need to be analyzed by proper financial tools Financial capabilities of business needs to be monitored frequently Investment decisions of business needs to be taken on perspective of industry standard References: Benavides-Velasco, C. A., Quintana-Garca, C., Guzmn-Parra, V. F. (2013). Trends in family business research.Small Business Economics,40(1), 41-57. Brewer, I. Genay, H. (2015). Small Business Investment Companies: Financial Characteristics and Investments.Journal Of Small Business Management,33(3), 38. Retrieved from https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-17438228/small-business-investment-companies-financial-characteristics Cheng, S., Hameed, A., Subrahmanyam, A., Titman, S. (2014). Short-term reversals and the efficiency of liquidity provision.Queens University Working Paper. Claessens, S., Kose, M. A., Terrones, M. E. (2012). How do business and financial cycles interact?.Journal of International economics,87(1), 178-190. Kiyotaki, N., Moore, J. (2012).Liquidity, business cycles, and monetary policy(No. w17934). National Bureau of Economic Research. Lambert, V. A., Lambert, C. E. (2012). Qualitative descriptive research: an acceptable design.Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research,16(4), 255-256. Rba.gov.au. (2016). Retrieved 21 December 2016, from https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/workshops/other/small-bus-fin-roundtable-2012/pdf/03-fin-character-small-bus.pdf Van Der Wijst, D. (2012).Financial structure in small business: Theory, tests and applications(Vol. 320). Springer Science Business Media. Vogel, H. L. (2014).Entertainment industry economics: A guide for financial analysis. Cambridge University Press.

United States of American Personal Freedom Essay Example For Students

United States of American: Personal Freedom Essay United States of American: Personal FreedomNo other democratic society in the world permits personal freedoms tothe degree of the United States of America. Within the last sixty years,American courts, especially the Supreme Court, have developed a set of legaldoctrines that thoroughly protect all forms of the freedom of expression. Whenit comes to evaluating the degree to which we take advantage of the opportunityto express our opinions, some members of society may be guilty of violating thebounds of the First Amendment by publicly offending others through obscenity orracism. Americans have developed a distinct disposition toward the freedom ofexpression throughout history. The First Amendment clearly voices a great American respect toward thefreedom of religion. It also prevents the government from abridging thefreedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably toassemble and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.Sincethe early history of our country, the protection of basic freedoms has been ofthe utmost importance to Americans. In Langston Hughes poem, Freedom, he emphasizes the struggle to enjoythe freedoms that he knows are rightfully his. He reflects the American desirefor freedom now when he says, I do not need my freedom when Im dead. I cannotlive on tomorrows bread.He recognizes the need for freedom in its entiretywithout compromise or fear. We will write a custom essay on United States of American: Personal Freedom specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I think Langston Hughes captures the essence of the American immigrantsquest for freedom in his poem, Freedoms Plow. He accurately describesAmericans as arriving with nothing but dreams and building America with thehopes of finding greater freedom or freedom for the first time. He depicts howpeople of all backgrounds worked together for one cause: freedom. I selected Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 as a fictitious example of theevils of censorship in a world that is becoming illiterate. In this book, thegovernment convinces the public that book reading is evil because it spreadsharmful opinions and agitates people against the government. The vast majorityof people accept this censorship of expression without question and are contentto see and hear only the governments propaganda.I found this disturbing yetrealistic. Bradburys hidden opposition to this form of censorship was apparentthroughout the book and finally prevailed in the end when his main characterrebelled against the practice of burning books. Among the many forms of protests are pickets, strikes, public speechesand rallies. Recently in New Jersey, more than a thousand community activistsrallied to draft a human budget that puts the needs of the poor andhandicapped as a top priority.Rallies are an effective means for people touse their freedoms effectively to bring about change from the government. Freedom of speech is constantly being challenged as is evidenced in arecent court case where a Gloucester County school district censored reviews oftwo R-rated movies from a school newspaper. Superior Court Judge, Robert E. Francis ruled that the students rights were violated under the stateConstitution.I feel this is a major break through for students rightsbecause it limits editorial control of school newspapers by educators and allowsstudents to print what they feel is important. A newly proposed bill (A-557) would prevent school officials fromcontrolling the content of student publications. Critics of the bill feel thatstudent journalists may be too young to understand the responsibilities thatcome with free speech.This is a valid point; however, it would provide anexcellent opportunity for them to learn about their First Amendment rights thatguarantees free speech and freedom of the press. In his commencement address to Monmouth College graduates, ProfessorAlan Dershowitz of Harvard Law School defended the broad right to free speech. He stated, My message to you graduates is to assert your rights, to use themresponsibly and boldly, to oppose racism, to oppose sexism, to oppose homophobiaand bigotry of all kinds and to do so within the spirit of the First Amendment,not by creating an exception to it.I agree that one should feel free tospeak openly as long as it does not directly or indirectly lead to the harm ofothers. One of the more controversial issues was the recent 2 Live Crew incidentinvolving obscenity in rap music. Their record, As Nasty as They Wanna Be,was ruled obscene in federal court. They were acquitted of the charges andquickly became a free speech martyr. Although many stores pulled the album,over two million copies sold as a result of the incident.I feel that in thiscase the principles of free speech have been abused because young children canpurchase and listen to this obscene music. The American flag, symbol of our countrys history and patriotism, hasalso become a topic of controversy. The controversy was over the right to burnthe flag without punishment. Supreme CourtJustice William Brennan offeredthe response that if there is a bedrock principle underlying the FirstAmendment, it is that the Government may not prohibit the expression of an ideasimply because society finds the idea itself offensive or disagreeable.Burning the flag is considered a form of symbolic speech and therefore isprotected under the First Amendment. As in the 2 Live Crew case, I feel that weare protecting the wrong people in this case. The minority is given precedenceat the sacrifice of the majority. .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff , .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .postImageUrl , .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff , .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff:hover , .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff:visited , .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff:active { border:0!important; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff:active , .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0d26f1f7e75aab1a73e9d0890b2c56ff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rawls View Of Ignorance EssayThe book, American Voices, is a collection of essays on the freedom ofspeech and censorship. I chose to put this collection of essays into my bookbecause they represent the strong central theme of freedom of expression as thecornerstone of American government, culture and life.Each essay stronglydefends a case for free commercial speech. Each was generally in favor of fewerlimitations on freedom of expression. The American voice on freedom has been shaped throughout the course ofhistory by the initial democratic notions of the immigrants to the same desirefor greater freedom that we have today. The freedom of speech has constantlybeen challenged and will continue to be challenged in the future. It isimportant that we learn from the precedented cases of the past of ourconstitutionally protected rights so that in the future authority will notviolate our freedoms or oppress our liberty. Ever since colonial times, the protection of personal freedoms in theUnited States has been significantly important. Even in the early stages ofAmerican history there was an urge to put legally protected freedoms intowritten government documents. The result was the drafting of the first tenamendments to the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, by James Madison. Theapplications of the personal freedoms described in the Bill of Rights,particularly the freedom of speech, have been challenged repeatedly in Americancourts of law and elsewhere. These incidents and challenges of authorityreflect the defensive American attitude toward the ever important freedom ofexpression and the growing significance of personal rights throughout Americanhistory. In Colonial America, members of diverse nationalities had opposing viewson government, religion, and other subjects of interest. Serious confrontationswere prevented because of the vast lands that separated groups of varyingopinions. A person could easily settle in with other like believers and beuntouched by the prejudices and oppression of others. For this reason,Unitarians avoided Anglican or Puritan communities. Quakers and Anabaptistswere confined to Pennsylvania and Rhode Island while Catholics were mainlyconcentrated in Maryland.As the United States grew larger and larger, thesediverse groups were forced to live together. This may have caused individualliberties to be violated because of the distrust and hostile feelings betweenethnic and religious groups. Most of the initial assemblies among the colonies considered themselvesimmune from criticism. They actually issued warrants of arrest, interrogated,fined, and imprisoned anyone accused of libeling the assembly as a whole or anyof its members. Many people were tracked down for writing or speaking works ofoffense. The first assembly to meet in America, the Virginia House of Burgesses,stripped Captain Henry Spellman of his rank when he was found guilty oftreasonable words.Even in the most tolerant colonies, printing was strictlyregulated. The press of William Bradford was seized by the government when heprinted up a copy of the colonys charter. He was charged with seditious libeland spent more than a year in prison. A more famous incident was the trial of John Peter Zenger whichestablished the principle of a free press. In his newspaper he publishedsatirical ballads regarding William Cosby, the unpopular governor, and hiscouncil. His media was described as having in them many things tending toraise seditions and tumults among the people of this province, and to fill theirminds with a contempt for his majestys government.The grand jury did notindict Zenger and the General Assembly refused to take action. The defendantwas acquitted on the basis that in cases of libel the jury should judge both lawand the facts. James Alexander was the first colonial writer to develop a philosophy onthe freedom of speech. He founded the American Philosophical Society andmasterminded the Zenger defense. Alexanders chief conviction was Freedom ofspeech is a principal pillar in a free government: when this support is takenaway, the constitution is dissolved and tyranny is erected on its ruins.The original Constitution did not contain a bill of rights because theconvention delegates felt that individual rights were in no danger and would beprotected by the states. However, the lack of a bill of rights was thestrongest objection to the ratification of the Constitution. Less than a decade after the Bill of Rights had been adopted it met itsfirst serious challenge. In 1798, there was a threat of war with France andthousands of French refugees were living in the United States. Many radicalssupported the French cause and were considered incompatible with social order.This hysteria led Congress to enact several alien and sedition laws. One lawforbade the publication of false, scandalous or malicious writing against thegovernment, Congress or the President. The penalty for this crime was a $2,000fine and two years in prison. The public was enraged at these laws. Thomas Jefferson and JamesMadison pleaded for freedom of speech and the press. The alien and seditionlaws became a prime issue in the presidential election of 1800. Soon afterJefferson was elected, the Sedition Act expired and those who had been convictedunder it were immediately pardoned. The next attack on the First Amendment occurred in 1835. PresidentAndrew Jackson proposed a law that would prohibit the use of mail forincendiary publications intended to instigate the slaves to insurrection.John C. Calhoun of South Carolina led a special committee that opposed theproposal on grounds that it conflicted with the First Amendment. The proposalwas defeated because it was a form of censorship. .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 , .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .postImageUrl , .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 , .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48:hover , .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48:visited , .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48:active { border:0!important; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48:active , .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48 .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u122b5b055db7846f4bea30539352ad48:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overpopulation s Attorney General, about 500 FBI agents and police raided 3,000 Russiansand other European immigrants, looking for Communists to deport. The victimswere arrested without warrants, homes were ransacked, personal property wasseized, and they were hauled off to jail. An even more vicious episode was known as McCarthyism, an incident inthe 1950s when Senator Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin proclaimed that thefederal government had been thoroughly infiltrated by Communist agents. Hisattacks on United States information libraries abroad led to the burning of somebooks accused of being Communist propaganda. Reduced congressional supportcaused many librarians to resign and the closing of libraries. On the morning of December 16, 1965, thirteen year old Mary Beth Tinkerwent to school in Des Moines, Iowa. She and her fifteen year old brother, John,had decided to wear black armbands as a protest to the Vietnam War. In advanceto their arrival, the principal had decided that any student wearing an arm-band would be told to remove it, stating that, The schools are no place fordemonstrations.If the student refused, he would be suspended until thearmband was permanently removed. On December 16, the Tinkers refused to removetheir armbands. They were suspended and did not return to school until afterJanuary 1, when by a previous decision the protest had ended. The students brought suit in federal court to confirm their FirstAmendment right to wear the black armbands. They lost in The Federal DistrictCourt on grounds that this type of symbolic expression might disturb schooldiscipline. The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit wasdivided equally(4-4) so the decision remained unchanged. On February 24, 1969, the United States Supreme Court decided in thestudents favor by a vote of 7 to 2. The Tinker v. Des Moines IndependentSchool District decision was a landmark case for students rights and liberties. Speaking for the majority of the Court, Justice Abe Fortas wrote, It can hardlybe argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights tofreedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.During the sixties and early seventies a new wave of court battles forFirst Amendment freedoms emerged. The freedom of speech was recognized as avital element in a democratic society. Censorship and the infringement of FirstAmendment rights, especially among students and their newspapers, could not andwould not be tolerated. American citizens took a firm stand against thegovernment and authority at important times when they could have yielded to theoppressive violations of their rights. ENDNOTESAmendments to the Constitution. Colliers Encyclopedia, 1965 ed. Langston Hughes, The Panther and the Lash (New York: Alfred A. Knopf,Inc., 1967), 55. Langston Hughes, Selected Poems (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.,1981), 291-293. Ray Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451 (New York: Ballantine Books, 1973). Donna Leusner, Social Services Advocates Rally for Human Touch inState Budget, The Star Ledger,9 April 1991: A-3. Student Wins Freedom of Speech Case, Daily Record, 24 April 1991: A-2. Bob McHugh, Free Speech Moves for School Newspapers, The StarLedger, 4 May 1991: A-3. Cathy Bugman, Monmouth Grads Hear Top Lawyer Defend Broad Right toFree Speech, The Star Ledger, 27 May 1991: A-9. David Gates, The Importance of Being Nasty, Newsweek, 2 July 1990:52. Walter Isaacson, Oer the Land of the Free, Time, 3 July 1989: 14-15. . American Voices (New York: Phillip Morris, 1987). The First Freedom Today (Chicago: American Library, 1984), 3. The First Freedom Today, 4. The First Freedom Today. The First Freedom Today, 5. The First Freedom Today. American Voices (New York: Phillip Morris, 1987), 292. The First Freedom Today, 5. The First Freedom Today, 7. Nat Hentoff, The First Freedom (New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1980),4. Hentoff, 5. BIBLIOGRAPHYAmendments to the Constitution. Colliers Encyclopedia. 1965 ed. American Voices. New York: Phillip Morris, 1987. Bollinger, Lee. C. The Tolerant Society. New York:Oxford University Press, 1986. Bradbury, Ray. Fahrenheit 451. New York: Ballantine Books, 1973. Bugman, Cathy. Monmouth Grads Hear Top Lawyer Defend Broad Right toFree Speech. The Star Ledger, 27 May 1991: A-9. First Freedom Today, The. Chicago: American Library Association, 1984. Gates, David. The Importance of Being Nasty. Newsweek, 2 July 1990:52. Hentoff, Nat. The First Freedom. New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1980. Hughes, Langston. The Panther and the Lash. New York:Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1967. Hughes, Langston. Selected Poems. New York:Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1981. Isaacson, Walter. Oer the Land of the Free. Time,3 July 1989: 14-15. Kalven, Harry, Jr. A Worthy Tradition. New York: Harper and Row, 1988. Leusner, Donna. Social Services Advocates Rally for Human Touch in StateBudget. The Star Ledger,9 April 1991: A-3. McHugh, Bob. Free Speech Moves for School Newspapers. The Star Ledger, 4May 1991: A-3. Student Wins Freedom of Speech Case. Daily Record,24 April 1991: A-2. Social Issues

Essay Sample on Reconstruction Policy and the South after the Civil War

Essay Sample on Reconstruction Policy and the South after the Civil War After the civil war, the fundamental task of the Central Government was to adopt a proper policy of reconstruction and re-union with a view to strengthening the American Federation. But due to various reasons, the task was a complex one. The sad assassination of President Lincoln made it amply clear that the fanatics were strongly opposed to a progressive policy. He, indeed, had hated slavery and desired its abolition. But he actually fought for Union and not for the emancipation of the slaves as such. His primary purpose was to protect and preserve the unity of the Federation by thwarting the disintegrating attitude of the South. So, after the end of the civil war, the Primary Task of the new President, Andrew Johnson, was to carry out a generous conciliation as advocated by his predecessor. But the victorious North, mindful of its own loss due to the war, was by no means conciliatory in its attitude towards the South. At least initially, the states of the North were in favor of adopting a policy of retaliation (L. Mukherjee). So, bitter quarrels broke out between the President and Congress which was dominated by the Republicans. As a matter of fact, the party-system of America was, during this time, almost localized and the Republican Party had no strong base in the south. This is also a reason for which it did not, initially, take much care for the interests of the South. The Reconstruction Act of 1867-68 provided that the Southern states should be treated as the conquered provinces to be administered by the military Governors and were to be readmitted to the Federation after they ratified the fourteenth amendment of the constitution. As some of the states withheld such ratification, the Congress proceeded to subject the South to Negro-rule under military protection. Naturally, the Negroes took the advantage of this provision and the reign of ‘Black Terror’ came into being. But gradually, a basic change ushered in primarily due to political and constitutional measures. Politically, the Southern states came to realize that the Federation was indestructible and any such attempt to break it would surely end in vain. The Federation was protected and it was taught to all that the units of and nobody, however mighty and powerful, had the right to break it up. The civil war also established the fact that the Center, though dominated by the Northern states, was, for ensuring Federal unity entitled to adopt strict military measures. Such realization slowly infused in the South the idea of national unity and solidarity. Similarly, the Northern states rectified their earlier stand and accepted the Southern states as the integral part of the Federation. In this way the South were brought back into the Union and the rebels were taught to be loyal citizens. Of course, the party-system also helped much in the growth of such unity. Gradually the Republican Party expanded its organizations in the South and the, eventually, it too acted as a unifying force. Constitutionally, too, the process was towards unification. As O.P Goyal observes, â€Å"The 13th (1865), 14th (1868) and 15th (1870) amendments grew out of the civil war† (Goyal). The 13th amendment abolished slavery which so long appeared as a bone of content between the South and the North. The 14th amendment defined citizenship and forbade states to deprive persons of life, liberty and property â€Å"without due process of law†. The abolishment of the institution of slavery has brought about the emancipation of billions of people who had so long forced to remain as the casualties of modern civilization. The Negroes, who had suffered much due to racial hatred, were now placed in power and position. In this way the people of the North and South were brought in a state of equality. The 15th amendment forbade the Governments, both central and provincial, from abridging the right to vote because of race, color, residence or other previous conditions of servitude. Thus th e concept of equality and liberty was upheld through the constitution and, naturally, the vast majority of the Southern people who so long nurtured a grudge against the center, became loyal and submissive. The republic was, however, strengthened by the civil war. America emerged out of it with a new spirit, hope and vigor. It now adopted a bold policy – France was forced to withdraw its army from Mexico and Britain was persuaded to compensate for the American loss in the Alabama issue. This political factor had its influence on the economic side too. The Center, still dominated by the North, showed a practical sense in this matter. The Government adopted a policy which encouraged rapid industrialization and this scheme largely helped the South to proceed towards prosperity. As stated earlier, the slave-dependent society of the South now became much more rational in their approach and concentrated on the system of rational industrialization. Due to the abolition of the slave-system, and the new spirit of industrialization, they broke up the big estates and invested in the industrialization process. Thus an economy of cotton-cultivation gave way to the industrial revolution. They now manufactured their own goods and the spread of railways expanded their markets and also united them with the North. In the place of localism, a new feeling of solidarity and community of interests grew up. In this way the North and the South united together and formed a strong Federation . Rapid industrialization not only improved the living standard of the South, but also ensured a regional balance in the economy. This is a sample History essay written from scratch by one of our academic writers. If you want to order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis/dissertation or other written assignment on any topic contact our company to get professional academic writing help.

Abelisaurus - Facts and Figures

Abelisaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Abelisaurus (Greek for Abels lizard); pronounced AY-bell-ih-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of South America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (85-80 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 30 feet long and 2 tons Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Large head with small teeth; openings in skull above jaws About Abelisaurus Abels lizard (so named because it was discovered by the Argentinian paleontologist Roberto Abel) is known by only a single skull. Although entire dinosaurs have been reconstructed from less, this lack of fossil evidence has forced paleontologists to hazard some guesses about this South American dinosaur. As befitting its theropod lineage, its believed that Abelisaurus resembled a scaled-down Tyrannosaurus Rex, with fairly short arms and a bipedal gait, and only weighing about two tons, max. The one odd feature of Abelisaurus (at least, the one that we know of for sure) is the assortment of large holes in its skull, called fenestrae, above the jaw. Its likely that these evolved to lighten the weight of this dinosaurs massive head, which otherwise might have unbalanced its entire body. By the way, Abelisaurus has lent its name to an entire family of theropod dinosaurs, the abelisaurswhich includes such notable meat-eaters as the stubby-armed Carnotaurus and Majungatholus. As far as we know, abelisaurs were restricted to the southern island continent of Gondwana during the Cretaceous period, which today corresponds to Africa, South America and Madagascar.

Microeconocs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Microeconocs - Essay Example This "supply schedule" is usually represented by relationship between market price and amount of goods produced. On the other side, "demand is defined as the willingness and ability of a consumer to purchase a given product in a given frame of time" (Clasquin 24). This schedule represents the amount of goods that consumers are willing to purchase at different prices as long as everything else remains the same. While there are numberless different markets that vary from country to country, there are a few producers that find a demand throughout the world. One of these is the demand for oil, with almost all machines depending on the energy it provides. The production and consumption of oil makes for a perfect example of how supply and demand works. One of the largest and most well known oil producers is The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). This organization ties together the biggest oil producing countries in the world including: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. "OPEC's influence on the market has been widely criticized. Several members of OPEC alarmed the world and triggered high inflation across both the developing and developed world when they used oil embargoes in the 1973s" (Clasquin 24). OPEC has weathered the ups and downs of supply and demand like no other producer has because the demand for oil in today's fluctuating market is constantly changing. With the worldwide economic crisis currently taking over many parts of the world, the demand for oil has been significantly reduced. "For years, the world's oil surplus was negligible. This year, OPEC's spare capacity is expected to surge to around four million barrels a day, according to the U.S. Energy Department. In 2009, global oil demand will fall by 800,000 barrels a day -- the sharpest retreat since the recession of the early 1980s, the Energy Department predicts" (King A.6). This sharp decline in demand can be directly linked to the pocketbooks of everyday citizens. A massive amount of the demand OPEC sees comes from everyday citizens needing oil to power their cars. Many of these citizens are losing jobs and feeling the crunch due to economic stress. They have less spending money and are sticking only to necessities. In this case, less spending money means less demand. For example, citizens have less money to spend on leisure activities which almost always require some kind of transportation to and from. It seems that people are driving only to and from work, sticking to their homes and surrounding neighborhoods in their time off. People can't afford to take vacations, depleting the demand of oil needed to operate airplanes, and an allover tightening of pocketbooks is restricting the amount of work needed to be done by the machinery using oil as a power fuel. Therefore, with all of these factors facing OPEC, they have "announced that the group's largest supply cut, --2.2 million barrels a day - after pledging to cut two million barrels a day in the autumn, when the slowdown began to take hold" (King A.6). Global economic stress has stalled OPEC actions along with signs ofa weakening energy demand. At the end of 2008 reports of crude oil stocks rising in cost and falling retail sales in the U.S. were driving oil prices down.

Economics of the environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economics of the environment - Essay Example Pollutants causing the creation of ozone include volatile compounds and nitrogen oxides that come from industries. Once the pollutants are in the atmosphere, ozone, which is a potent greenhouse gas, is formed. The impact of ozone cannot be underestimated. Plants are animal life are destroyed since ozone reduces the rate of photosynthesis. As a result, the atmosphere will contain too much carbon dioxide. Statistics indicate that number of people living in extreme poverty has risen at an enhanced rate than the increase in income levels. Despite the impressive economic growth rates, some countries like Asia Pacific have not been able to reduce poverty. However, some countries like East Asia have grown and transformed economically. Ironically, the largest people living in poverty are found in these regions. South Asia, particularly, is the poorest in the world. Most people in these areas lack access to sanitation, education and the basic needs. The increased poverty goes hand in hand with the global inequality. In mid 20th century, international community responded to the issue of poverty by enhancing the structural adjustment, post-war reconstruction and campaigns for equality in economic growth (Fenwick et al.1029-030). The cost benefit analysis involves compiling the costs and benefits of a project, and translating them to monetary terms then discounting them over time. This enhances the determination of the present value for future costs and benefits. Projects with more benefits than costs are the ones that are accepted. The environmental benefits are unavailable, yet the costs remain known. This is controversial when determining what to measure and the values being measured. The economic analysis requires a good understanding of the effects of the project (Pimentel 229-52). Taking the cost analysis of the Millennium Development Goals in poverty eradication, there are different strategies that have been put

Discuss and Explain the plot and sub-plot Essay Example for Free

Discuss and Explain the plot and sub-plot Essay Metamorphosis is based around a central character called Gregor Samsa. He is a hard working young man who for a number of reasons, including pressure, he transforms into a beetle. There are other main characters in the play which include Greta Samsa, Mr. Samsa and Mrs Samsa, who are his sister, father and mother. The characters all enter one by one and each give a mime which depicts what their character is like at the current time. The characters then narrate as to what Gregor looks like during his transformation into a beetle, they say this in the third person. This is followed by a structured conversation between Gregor and his sister Greta. This conversation shows us that there are many close feeling between them, and that they have a close relationship. This relationship later on proves extremely necessary and important, as Greta is the only person who truly understands how Gregor feels when he turns into a beetle. Shortly after this conversation there comes a scene of repetition. This is where we see the demands that Gregor faces and the pressure he receives from his family; for he is the only person in family who sustains a job and therefore produces an income. An example of the repetition is, Gregor, Cash! Gregor, Shoes! Gregor, Cigars! Gregor, food! This repetitiveness emphasises the stress and anxiety that Gregor feels. The next scene is a complete antithesis to the previous scene. It is very naturalistic, and portrays a normal, every day conversation between the family. Here we learn about how hard Gregor has to work in order to keep his family in good health with the money he brings in. His mother tells him to go to sleep when he complains about being tired, but he tries to refuse as he is worried that he will get sacked and then the family will have no income. This shows his dedication to his job and how hard he works for his familys sake. Gregor in the morning begins to feel ill and this is where his transformation into a beetle begins. The family at this point cannot see Gregor, but they can hear him and realise that something is not right. Gregor refuses their entry into his room, and locks himself in, unsure what is happening to him, himself. By this time the family start to realise that he is late for work. The situation becomes worse though, as the introduction of a new character happens. The Chief Clerk, who is Gregors boss, arrives at the house. The chief clerk only cares about his money and he has come to the house to find out why Gregor is not at work. This makes the current situation more awkward. All of the family and the chief clerk himself try to enter the room, but Gregor who is ashamed and scared about his current physical state does not want them to enter. After much confusion and worry from the familys behalf, Gregor eventually opens the door. When the family see the sight of him and notice how grotesque he looks they greet him with fear and loathing. Shoo! Get back. The beginning of the next scene sees the family, including Gregor talking about Gregor in the third person, about how much anguish and pain he feels. The family, with the omission of Gregor then begin to talk in a worried and confused tone, about what to feed him, how to feed him and when to feed him. We then get a flash back to what it used to be like in the mornings, how Gregor would drink his milk and be off to work in a cheery mood. The play continues; and Gregors room is cleaned out. Leave it! he shouts, as he tries to protect his belongings his only companions. The next scene is an evening scene, where again, Gregor reminisces about the distant past. He complains about she milk, saying he doesnt like it anymore, its revolting. This again accentuates his transformation: the only human aspect of Gregor is that he appears to be able to speak. Mr. Samsa, previously unemployed because of Gregors income, gets a job. The family surround him and bombard him with compliments: entitles you to look like a general. This shows how the family are doing their best to move on. We, as actors, are told the next scene is almost entitled Optimism. This immediately portrays a feeling of hope and desire for their lives to be normal. This, however, is also the scene where Mr Samsa completely loses control and hurls an apple at this son, which sinks into him, shouting, Back! Back! Back! Back! The audience is then invited into Gregors dream, followed by Phase Three. This phase begins with another flashback of previous life. Time to get up for work, Gregor. The scene quickens until the usual repetitive rush is sounded: Lodgers, Cash! Lodgers, Shoes Lodgers, Beer! This is where we met three lodgers, who are pompous and exact. They are demanding until they meet Gregor, who is b now a grotesque and unpleasant sight. They argue and leave. This seems to be the final straw, and the family are now conscious that this cannot go on any more. Greta, who so far has been Gregors guardian angel, distances herself and leaves him. Mrs Samsa, always there for her son, a maternal figure, sees her son, and after he whispers, Free free, she says, Dead, and thanks God in advance for taking care of him. Metamorphosis ends optimistically. Greta re-appears, and the family tell the audience how beautiful their daughter is, and how their life seems to be happy. Theyre doing everything they can to forget Gregor, and push on with their lives. Metamorphosis is a complicated, unusual play with many hidden meanings. It focuses on family life, pressure and expectation; how throughout our lives, we are always being ridden with demands. Berkoff uses these themes extremely well to create a visual masterpiece of the uppermost class.

Essay --

The sonnet is a form of poetry that is vastly used among poets. There are usually two types of sonnets in poetry, the Shakespearean sonnet and the Italian sonnet. Sonnets are typically defined as poems made up of 14 lines that rhyme in a specific way. William Butler Yeats’ â€Å"Leda and the Swan† is an example of an Italian sonnet. It consists of 14 lines and the rhyme scheme is ABABCDCDEFGEFG. In his poem, Yeats’ uses the sonnet form in many traditional ways. However Yeats’ also revises the sonnet form in order to help readers understand the main theme of the poem, which is rape. The poem starts off very surprising. In the first stanza, the speaker says, â€Å"A sudden blow: the great wings still/ Above the staggering girl, her thighs caressed/ By the dark webs, her nape caught in his bill/ He holds her helpless breast upon his breast† (1-4). Right away the speaker seems surprised. The girl wasn’t expecting a blow anytime soon and was knocked down. She seems disoriented and unsure of what’s going on. The bird is described as having â€Å"great wings.† This diction makes him seem powerful. Furthermore, he is above Leda and starts caressing her thighs. She seems helpless at this point. In line three of the poem, the swan grabs her neck with his bill. Then, he holds her closer so that their breasts can touch. The language here creates a very intimate setting. In addition to that, Leda’s breast is described as helpless. It seems that she can’t do anything and must let the rape continue. The way the poem is being told in the first stanza seems to allude to the myth of Leda and the Swan in Greek mythology. It seems that Yeats’ wants to portray the swan as the Greek god Zeus in the poem. In the second stanza, the speaker asks two questions. The spe... ...tead of foreshadowing the future. The speaker wonders if she knew what was going on while she was being raped and the consequences of Zeus’ actions. Furthermore, since this is an Italian sonnet, it is divided into two sections. The first section consists of the first eight lines and is called the octave. The second section is called the subset and consists of the final six lines of the poem. In the poem, the first part talks about Leda being raped by the powerful swan. She is helpless and even though she struggles, she cannot escape. This part of the poem focuses on Leda’s view of the situation. In the subset, the swan finally finishes raping Leda and the poem moves on to address what exactly has happened. In the subset, the speaker narrates the consequences of the rape. These consequences include the burning of the city of Troy and the Trojan War. In conclusion,

Youth Violence on the Possession of Firearms in School

Despite nationwide gun-free school laws that prohibit possession of a firearm on or near the property of a public or private school, students are bringing guns to school and using them against their fellow students and teachers with increasing frequency. What possesses these students to gun down their classmates? How are these students getting access to firearms? Who is ultimately responsible for these tragedies? What stresses contribute to these shootings? And how are parents and educators missing the warning signs that these children have reached the breaking point? Over the past few years, there have been an astronomical number of school shootings across the country, sending policy makers, parents, teachers, and other concerned citizens into a tailspin. These events are becoming more frequent and have shattered the sense of safety that children should have when they are in school. Shootings by students, some as young as 10, have occurred at sickeningly regular intervals in urban towns like Pearl, Mississippi, Jonesboro, Arkansas, Fayetteville, Tennessee and most recently Littleton, Colorado, where 12 students and 1 teacher lost their lives at the hand of two teen shooters who took their own lives. Firearm violence falls second only to automobile-related deaths, as the leading cause of injury-related death, in the United States. By the year 2003, firearm fatalities are projected to become the United States leading cause of injury-related death, unless the violence is curbed. In 1991, Texas and Louisiana saw firearm fatalities surpass automobile fatalities, and Virginia and Nevada also have continued this trend. In fact, the firearm death rate is increasing faster than any other cause of death except AIDS related fatalities. Recent public attention has focused on the problem of gun violence in the nation†s schools. A 1994 Gallup poll of Americans, for the first time, fighting, violence, and gangs have moved to the top of the list to tie with lack of discipline as the biggest problem facing schools. It is difficult to determine what effect the threat of violence has upon the learning of each student, but clearly education takes a back seat to one†s own sense of security and well being. According to a survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control, one in 20 high school students carry a gun and one in five students would tell a teacher if he or she knew of another student carrying weapons to school. Theories differ about where young people get their guns. School security experts and law enforcement officials estimate that 80% of the firearms students bring to school come from home, while students estimate that 40% of their peers who bring guns to school buy them on the street. The United States has weaker firearm regulations and higher numbers of deaths involving firearms than all other industrialized nations. The greatest tragedy of gun violence is the tremendous numbers of children and youth killed or injured each year by firearms. These numbers continue to increase at alarming rates. According to Gunfree.Org, in 1985, the number of firearm homicides for youth 19 years and younger was 1,339, in 1995, it was 2, 574. In 1995, guns accounted for 84% of homicides of persons 13 to 19 years of age. Averages of 14 youth each day are killed by gunshots. A group studying juvenile violence in Multhomah County, Oregon identified the inadequate response of the juvenile justice system to students expelled for possessing weapons in schools, the need for additional efforts to detect weapons, and anti-violence education in schools as primary concerns. We must, as a society, recognize that there is a cycle of violence and that violence breeds more violence. There is no single answer to the problem of violence. A multi-faceted approach is needed. Prevention must be a priority. According to a ‘Public Health† Approach, recognition of three levels of prevention activities is essential: Primary prevention: These are interventions directed at people who have no obvious risk factors for development of violence. An example would be teaching grade school children to deal constructively with anger and conflict. Secondary prevention: These activities are directed to those who show clear-cut risk factors for violence. An example would be training in anger management for people who have a history of arguments or fighting. Tertiary prevention: These activities are directed toward minimizing the danger caused by those who have displayed violent behavior. Examples include interventions to allow gang-established patterns of serious or repeated violence. Any approach to violence must include education carried out in various ways and settings including collaboration among community groups, businesses, the schools, and government. Most of all, the parents must get involved. Schools offer the opportunity to reach a substantial percentage of the youth population and teach them skills aimed at the reduction of violence. Teachers are able to identify early on problem youth and families. Schools represent an important site to convey the message of society against weapons and violence. An important part of the anti-violence prevention strategy aimed at all youth is increasing the efforts to detect weapons in schools. While schools are already vigilant about responding to individuals when specific knowledge is available about weapons possession, this approach has not addressed concerns and perceptions that a number of weapons are present in schools undetected. Expanding the commitment to zero tolerance for weapons in schools would also better communicate to youth community standards, assuming that adequate consequences are in place. Most weapons are found through reporting by a concerned student. Such reporting should be praised.

Jextra Case

Jextra Neighborhood Stores Case Analysis This report analyzes the ethical dilemma faced by Jextra’s country manager, Tom Chong, who was responsible for Neighbourhood Markets in Malaysia. Jextra Stores was a Hong Kong based company that operated retail stores in China, Hong Kong, Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, and Vietnam. In 2005, the company successfully entered Malaysia, operating supermarkets under the name of Neighborhood Markets (Inkpen, 2010). Jextra identified a promising site in Klang, near the capital of Kuala Lumpur, to open a new supermarket (Inkpen, 2010).Mr. Chong needs to evaluate a proposal made by the Mayor of Kang, which might be considered bribery. In this case, Mr. Chong faces social and ethical challenges that may affect the company’s operations, performance, and competitiveness in the region as well as Mr. Chong’s career. The major social issues include those related to law, culture, and ethics. The report also analyzes anti-brib ery corruption enacted by the U. K Bribery Act and the U. S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA).The report concludes with recommendations to Jextra such as seeking proper legal advice, implementing an effective business code of conduct, providing inter-cultural and ethics training to managers, using a geocentrism approach and conducting an internal investigation for the Malaysian category manager. Analysis Social, Ethical, or Legal Challenges International firms operating abroad often face social challenges because they operate in markets with different legal and political systems (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010, p. 111).Each country has a legal system that provides â€Å"the rules that regulate behavior, the processes by which laws are enforced, and the procedures used to resolve grievances† (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010, p. 111). In the case of Malaysia, the country relies on a dual legal system based on common law and theocratic law. English Common law is b ased on tradition and judicial precedents (stare decisis). This type of legal system is used in, among others, U. S. , U. K. , India, Canada, Hong Kong, Australia, and New Zealand (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010).Malaysia also relies on Muslim law (or Sharia), which is based on religious precepts and beliefs. Muslim law prevails in Turkey, Kuwait, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, etc. (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). In developing countries, such as Malaysia, foreign companies and managers, such as Mr. Chong, may encounter legal risks due to the legal framework and the effectiveness of the legal system (Ling & Hoang, 2010). In recent years, Malaysia has opened its market towards liberalization of trade and services and globalization (Tahir & Ismail, 2007).Like other emerging markets, such as Mexico, China, India, and Brazil, Malaysia represents an attractive market. However, MNEs are bound to face legal challenges in emerging markets because they have an inadequate commer cial infrastructure, weak legal system, and high-risk environment (Pearson, 2011a; Pearson, 2011b). For instance, Malaysian civil and commercial laws regarding business payments for social purposes are not clear. It is a common practice in Klang and Kuala Lumpur to make social contributions for community projects, such as schools and roads (Inkpen, 2010). Additional legal issues that Mr.Chong may face in Malaysia are the â€Å"insufficient legal infrastructure for enforcing legal judgment† and â€Å"uncertainty and unfairness of court justice† (Ling & Hoang, 2010, p. 157). In Malaysia, the regulations regarding foreign investment lack transparency (Inkpen, 2010) and there had been many cases of bribery involving public officials. Malaysia has a high tendency toward corruption, which refers to â€Å"the misuse of entrusted power for private gain† (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010, p. 191). According to the TI Corruption Perception Index (2010), Malaysia was r anked 4. on of a scale of 0 (more likely to pay bribe) to 10 (less like to pay bribe) (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Russia, People’s Republic of China and Italy precede Malaysia in terms of frequency and size of bribes (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Mr. Chong knows about recent cases of corporate bribery in Malaysia and in the retail industry. There had been scandals regarding foreign investors who bribed public officials or financed government programs to obtain business privileges or competitive advantage (Inkpen, 2010).Moreover, there was a recent case of bribery involving a Jextra’s country manager in the Philippines. More likely, this manager also encountered similar ethical dilemmas like Mr. Chong. Some individual factors that may have driven him to act unethically in the Philippines could have been pressure from the company to expand and gain competitive advantage in the region. Alternatively, he might have simply wanted to advance his career as a country manager, lacked of ethics or did not know the local laws regarding bribery.Additionally, he might not have received or requested support from the top management regarding the social and ethical issues raised in the Philippines. Mr. Chong, as an experienced manager, should have anticipated that he would encounter legal and ethical risks in Malaysia. Mr. Chong face major challenges due to the weak legal framework and wide spread corruption in Malaysia. Additionally, Mr. Chong is not familiar with Malaysian domestic law and International law. For instance, Mr. Chong does not know whether accepting the Mayor’s offer would breach Malaysian law.It is against the International law to offer money, directly or indirectly, to officials of foreign governments (in this case the Mayor of Klang), to obtain a business advantage (help Jextra with the landing zone) (Inkpen, 2010). According to Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan (2010), it is crucial for foreign firms and managers t hat operate overseas to be familiar with domestic law and international law. Moreover, Mr. Chong does not know the legal policies of his home country, and therefore, if contributing to obtain a business benefit would be considered illegal in Hong Kong, if it were not through the right channel (Jextra Social Fund).Jextra Social Fund provides financing for educational and social projects (Inkpen, 2010). However, Mr. Chong is not sure whether he should go through this channel to make the contribution in order to expedite the zoning process. Additionally, Jextra’s Business Code does not help Mr. Chong to make a decision regarding this matter. Mr. Chong is not sure whether financing the primary school in Klang would be against Jextra’s Business Conduct Code. Jextra’s Business Conduct Code states â€Å"employees could not offer benefits to third parties in connection with business matters† (Inkpen, 2010, p. 3). However, Mr.Chong does not know if the contributio n would really benefit the community or individuals, such as the Mayor of Klang or his sister; the sister of the Mayor is a member of the school board. Mr. Chong also faces challenges with regard to the differences of culture between Malaysia and his home country, China. Research shows that individuals from different cultures may face challenges in understanding the behavior and values of others in the host country. Thus, this can cause a cultural clash (Tahir & Ismael, 2010). However, China and Malaysia are culturally close, so it can be expected that Mr.Chong adjust more easily than if he were to do business in countries with more cultural distance, such as France, U. S. or Germany (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Both, Malaysia and China present many similarities regarding its culture. Based on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory, both countries have a high degree of power distance (PDI), collectivism, masculinity (MAS), and high uncertainty avoidance (UAI). (Dani els, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Additionally, Mr. Chong may have a different level of ethical sensitivity than its counterparts in Malaysia (Chan & Cheung, 2012).People from different cultures have different ethics, which are influenced by their beliefs and cultural values (Chan & Cheung, 2012). Other challenges that may rise are problems regarding communications. As noted by Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan (2010), â€Å"cross-border communications do not always translate as intended† (p. 67) and can lead to misunderstandings. For instance, Mr Chong is not sure about what the Mayor meant when he asked to pay for the primary school; whether he asked to pay the entire cost of the school or just a part (Inkpen, 2010). Resolving the Mayor’s RequestsAccepting the Mayor’s offer and financing the project without using the right company’s channel (Jextra Social Fund) would be illegal. It also might go against Jextra’s corporate culture and Business Con duct Code. Bribery is wrong and unethical, and as noted by Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan (2010), â€Å"it affects both company and country economies† (p. 192). Research shows that high levels of corruption have a strong correlation with low levels of per capita income and low national growth rates (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2010). Having another bribery scandal would erode Jextra’s reputation and image.It would compromise the legitimacy of the company worldwide and its operations (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2010). It is challenging for foreign managers to avoid bribe payments when these are regarded as a usual business practice in the host country (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2010). Even though, it would be easier for Mr. Chong to just pay the bribe to the Mayor of Klang and â€Å"fall back on the standard of cultural relativism† (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2010, p. 195). As a manager, Mr. Chong should act responsibly and ethically , nd in compliance with local law, corporate culture and International law. The best approach for Mr. Chong would be to report to the Regional Operating Officer responsible for Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand and to the CEO, and CFO of the Supermarket and Hypermarket Divisions of the company in Hong Kong (Inkpen, 2010). Definitely, Mr. Chong should consult this issue with top management. Jextra and Mr. Chong should also receive legal advice from a reputable law firm in Malaysia regarding the legality of the Mayor’s offer, and if accepting the offer would constitute an offense under the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and the U. K. Bribery Act. If it does constitute bribery, then the best option for Mr. Chong would be to reject the mayor’s offer and proceed through formal channels to get the zoning approval (Inkpen, 2010). U. S. FCPA and the U. K. Bribery Act Even though Jextra is based in Hong Kong, the company is not exempt from the extraterritorial reach o f the U. K Bribery Act and the U. S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012). The FCPA refers to legislation enacted in 1977 that outlaws bribery (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012).It makes illegal bribery payments by U. S. companies to political parties and foreign officials. This legislation applies to operations in the U. S. and international operations as well, and to company’s employees and their agents abroad (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Not only U. S citizens, U. S companies or â€Å"issuers of securities on US exchanges† (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012, p. 3) are potentially liable under the FCPA, but also individuals of any nationality that make bribery payments to any foreign government official while staying in the U.S. (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012, p. 3). There is lack of consistency in the provisions of FCPA. For instance, it is not legal to pay to public officials to facilitate business transactions (referred to a s â€Å"facilitating payments or grease money†) (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010, p. 194). However, payments must be made to officials who are directly responsible for the transactions. In 1988, the FCPA enacted a new amendment that excludes grease money from bribery (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010, p. 194).In that case, under the FCPA, if Jextra finances the primary school through the Social Fund and make the payments directly to the Mayor’s sister in order to expedite the landing zone, it may not be unlawful. The payments should be made to someone who is directly involved with the primary school, such as the Mayor’s sister or other member of the school board and cannot be made to the Mayor directly. The U. K. Bribery Act became effective on July 1, 2011 and as the FCPA, it has a vast jurisdictional reach (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012, p. 3).The Bribery Act provides legislation regarding acts of bribery, and makes it an offense for companies that d o not prevent bribery (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012). The jurisdictional reach of the Bribery Act is wider when companies or individuals with a close relationship to the U. K. Additionally, under the Bribery Act, foreign individuals who commit bribery overseas while residing in the U. K could also be prosecuted, commit offenses (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012). Foreign companies, such as Jextra, can be also subject to FCPA scrutiny; even though its business activity has little relation with the U.S. and the company mainly operates in Asia. Non-U. S. companies could be found liable for conduct outside the U. S. that constitutes an offense under U. S. Criminal law (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012). FCPA incorporates extraterritorial provisions in its legislation. Therefore, as noted by Arnold and PorterAdvisory (2012), it is important that MNEs, consider â€Å"the potential liability under the FCPA to which their operations may be exposed† (p. 3), whether conducting business i n the U. S. or outside. Mr. Chong should act in compliance with the FCPA and Bribery Act.Managers are responsible when corruption is afoot and need to be vigilant with their actions. In addition, Jextra is responsible for ensuring that its â€Å"anti-corruption measures satisfy both jurisdictions† (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 2012, p. 6). In today’s global economy, international companies, such as Jextra have may worldwide connections through its suppliers and subsidiaries. Under the Bribery Act, it could be established some type of association, for instance through a Jextra’s parent company or subsidiary, so that if the company was to commit bribery it could still be prosecuted in the U.K. Therefore, Jextra and Mr. Chong should be extremely cautios and take into consideration that both the Bribery Act and the FCPA may have direct impact on the company’s operations; even if the company has little connection with U. K and U. S. (Arnold & Porter Advisory, 201 2, p. 6). Chong’s Recommendations to Jextra Malaysia lacks of a developed legal system and has a risky business environment, which make it challenging for foreign companies, such as Jextra, to conduct business in an ethical, fair, and responsible manner.Chong’s recommendations to Jextra include seeking proper legal counsel regarding Malaysian commercial and civil laws, and payments to government officials. An additional recommendation is to implement an effective internal business code of conduct. A clear code of conduct would mitigate some of the problems that Mr. Chong faces. The code should set global policies for Jextra’s employees and any individual working for the company (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). The code of conduct should not only be communicated to all Jextra’ s employees, but also to its suppliers and contractors.Additionally, the code of conduct should ensure that its policies are carried out. For instance, Jextra should make empl oyees sign a written agreement conforming that they read and understood the code of conduct (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Additionally, Jextra should require managers to go through a formal program that teaches them the company’s ethical code of conduct. It is vital for Jextra to implement the right measures and procedures, as well as strictly enforce these measures, to prevent bribery and other unethical behaviors among its employees.This would help the company to avoid potential prosecution and civil litigation under the FCPA and The Bribery Act. A third recommendation would include an internal investigation regarding Mr. Alam conduct. As a category manager, Mr. Alam may be using his position in the company for personal gain (Inkpen, 2010). Mr. Chong as a supervisor of Mr. Alam need to ensure that Mr. Alam is not taking bribes or gifts from suppliers, or benefitting his father-in-law. An additional recommendation include inter-cultural training for Jextra’s managers assigned abroad.When conducting business overseas, it is imperative that managers receive adequate training regarding the legal and political environment, international law, and national culture of the host country. Managers should also receive training in ethics to avoid unethical conduct. Additionally, when conducting international business, geocentrism is a good approach. According to Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan (2010) geocentrism requires firms â€Å"to balance informed knowledge of their own organizational cultures with home- and host-country needs, capabilities and constraints† (p. 4). Jextra should integrate its own company practices, Malaysian practices, and new practices as well (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Conclusions and Lessons Learned Legal policies, which include domestic law and international law, play a major role in determining how global companies can conduct businesses abroad (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). International firm s should act responsibly and ensure that its employees act in accordance with the domestic law where they operate and do not commit any offense under the FCPA and Bribery Act.By acting ethically, companies can create competitive advantage, shared value, and avoid being perceived as unethical and irresponsible by the local and global communities (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010; Porter, 2010). As a potential global manager I learned that it is crucial for global firms to set clear codes of conduct, ensure compliance with the codes (training, auditing programs), and enforce the policies in the code (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010).However, foreign managers will still face ethical dilemmas when working in a different legal and political environment. Managers need to be knowledgeable about cultural, legal, political, and ethical factors in order to succeed in their assignment overseas (Daniels, Radebaugh, & Sullivan, 2010). Therefore, managers should receive adequate inter-cu ltural training and counseling about the host country’s values, norms, legal and political system. Managers should be a role model for other employees by showing cultural awareness and ethical behavior.