Juliet Mitchells Application Of Psychoanalytic Theory English Literature Essay

Juliet Mitchells Application Of Psychoanalytic Theory English Literature Essay This piece will examine Mitchells essay, by critically analyzing the feminine narrative in psychoanalysis influenced by the Bakhtinian concept of the carnival, applying the hysteric to women in the early novel, the application of the symbolic in defining an alternative universe, and briefly discussing Wuthering Heights. Firstly, Mitchells foremost point is that on feminine narrative in psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is the practice of investigating the way ones mind works, and then using it as a method of treatment to cure various psychological or emotional ailments. The patient recounts certain incidents affecting their psyche. The psychoanalyst is then able to offer a solution to the incident. Through analysis of incidents affecting the patient, the psychoanalyst applies the respective theory and, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦intrudes, disrupts, offers the anarchic carnival back into that historyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Ibid, 426) The carnival referred to here is that of the Bakhtinian notion of deception. Mikhail Bakhtin states that in every level of society, deception is at play where there are multiple levels of power and resistance at work. These forces of deception are what allow people in a society to, put on masks and play certain roles.  [1]  Thus, because of this deceptive nature of communication, any form of action in society is never constant, always being in a state of flux. Mitchell mentions this flux in her statement where she says, What can you do but disrupt a history, and re-create it as anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦?(Ibid, pg. 426) What Mitchell means here is that there is already an alteration of events, through multiple retellings of ones history. However, when Bakhtins carnivalesque element is put into play, the history of the patient is not only replaced with an alternate one, but also that there is no single correct form of history present. With the elements involving a patients history being always in a state of flux, the disruption and creation of multiple histories is imminent. Now if one adds the element of femininity, the issue becomes even more complex. If there is a disruption of history at play, what happens to a woman speaking about her issues, in a phallocentric setting? Mitchell is concerned about the effect that a male-oriented language has on a female subject. If there is already so much disruption in the shaping of ones history, then for a woman it becomes a momentous task to express herself freely in a society that has been shaped according to the norms of men. Also, if the woman subject is being studied by a woman analyst, the analysis becomes even more questionable. Both women have been bred in a society ad hering to the rules of the male. This means, that the method of communication and also of expression then strictly falls into the realm of the male. A woman attempting to understand her own history is thwarted by the loss of true communication in the feminine sense. Secondly, Mitchell explains the plight of a woman attempting to create her own history, by looking into the involvement of women in the early period of the novel. Here as well, women were attempting to carve a niche into an ultimately male dominated realm. This was quite successfully done with the advent of the novel during the seventeenth century, where a vast majority of the authors were women. The introduction of women writers was further accentuated by the very essence of their actions. It was radical enough that women were beginning to express themselves, but it was another thing altogether that they were doing this through the medium of writing. In doing so, they were successfully creating, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦what critics today call the subject in process. (Ibid, 426) Thus, Mitchell explains that in order for women to establish a history, they were doing so by expressing during a state of flux. Here something akin to psychoanalytic practice is at work, where the subject is consciou sly able to re-create a history of herself. According to Mitchell, in the midst of a rising bourgeoisie wrought under the clutches of capitalism, a womans life was constrained to, Domesticity, personal relations (Ibid, 426) One facet of a womans history is preset. But, there is a conscious endeavour to write another form of history; this time it is written from the perspective of the woman. This is not a form of history replicated in the midst of a therapy session in a psychoanalysts office. Here the woman subject is in control of shaping her own history. As Mitchell further illustrates, The novel is that creation by the woman of the woman or by the subject who in the process of becoming womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (Ibid, 426) The subject, being the woman, is able to understand the numerous difficulties of the subject of her work which is also the woman, therefore successfully being able to express her concerns. By expressing oneself during a transitional time-frame, in this case during the creation of the bourgeois class, the woman is defining her qualities, her abilities and her boundaries, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦where women are, why women have to write the novel, the story of their own domesticity, the story of their own seclusion within the homeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Ibid, 426) In doing so, the woman is classifying herself within a given domain, but she is doing so based on the constraints imposed on her by the patriarchal element, thus the Bakhtinian concept of deception. The woman is expressing, but with a mask of social hindrance, further limiting the effectiveness of her message. This is further proved by Mitchells discussion of the discourse of the hysteric. The phenomenon of the hysteric is where the woman accepts and rejects the organization of sexuality under a patriarchal realm. As Mitchell further clarifies, there does not exist, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a thing as female writing, a womans voice. There is the hysterics voice which is the womans masculine languageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Ibid, 426) Again, here the Bakhtinian ideology is at work. The woman knows that she must talk in a masculine voice, thus the woman consciously constructs her argument within the framework of a phallocentric world. Thus, there is a deceptive nature to her presentation, but it is all the more necessary in gaining a patriarchal audience that is willing to listen. In addition to this, Mitchell further clarifies the hysteric using the moment of the symbolic. The moment of the symbolic according to the Lacanian school of thought is, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦where sexuality is constructed as meaningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦what was not symbolized, becomes organizedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Ibid, pg. 428) Before a child is made aware of the sexual hierarchy in a patriarchal setting, the atmosphere is that of the carnival. Moreover, before the child is aware of a phallic presence, it is only concerned with the presence of the mother. The mother is a source of nourishment and satisfaction and the child sees no other. The child is free of notions of gender definitions and borders for the respective sexes. This is known as the pre-Oedipal, where between the duration of three to five years, there are libidinal and ego development.  [2]  Freud simply states that the transitioning period is when the child is aware of the male member, At the point in which the phallus is found to be missing in the mother, masculinity is set up as the normà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Ibid, 428) Further defined in the Lacanian model, the child is made aware of a phallic presence that is dominating, and also is made aware of the further responsibilities of the mother that are not just limited to the child, but also to the dominant male figure in the family. According to Lacan, the father figure is introduced in a symbolic sense through the medium of language, where communication and expression is that of a phallocentric nature. Having made aware of two poles of sexuality, the carnival is replaced by the point of organization. At this point, because the child is also increasingly acquiring the ability to communicate, it inevitably takes on the essence of a phallocentric means of communication. Now, one has to be careful in discerning the role that a woman plays in this largely patriarchal construct. Mitchell states that one cannot have the oedipal, without the pre-oedipal, where the former represents an ordered sexual hierarchy and the latter represents a space without any frontiers and constraints, i.e. carnival. These two concepts are complementary of each other, because without one the other cannot function. It is only possible for the child to realize gender constraints, having experienced a state of the pre-Oedipal. Likewise, it is only possible for a woman to yearn for the carnival, having been constrained to the domain of the church and all the constricting forces at work that accompany this controlling body. Therefore, Mitchell claims that one cannot yearn for a pre-Oedipal, carnivalesque setting in present society, because the carnival and the church are already deeply ingrained in the conscious of every individual. She further explains that, You cannot choose the imaginary, the semiotic, the carnival as an alternative to the symbolicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Ibid, 428) A feminist who wants to have her body of work accepted in the symbolic, and organized structure, cannot give an alternative of a society lacking social constraints. She further elaborates that since feminism has been defined in a phallocentric setting, the means to reach an alternative symbolic universe is by working within the given space that the pre-Oedipal and the Oedipal share. This is parallel to her discussion of the female novelist and her need to be hysteric in order to gain acceptance. Mitchell illustrates an effective alternative symbolic universe, by using the example of Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights. The novel is clearly a critique of the symbolic, but is far more effective because it works within a male-oriented language. Bronte was published under a male pseudonym, which gave her work an even better stronghold in the reading male populace. Bronte is able to criticize the clichà ©d romantic gentleman Lockwood possessing characteristics of a fierce exterior and heart of gold, as being, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a foppish gentlemanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦who think he loves all the things the romantic gentleman is supposed toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Ibid, 429) Because she is male, she is not outright rejected for her portrayal. Furthermore, the story of Catherine has a hysteric tone to it. Catherine loves Heathcliff, but cannot take pleasure from it, having already been imposed of the patriarchal constraint on her. Heathcliff is introduced by the father as a sibling to her, and is therefore a forbidden fruit. The Oedipal is at play here where clear cut gender definitions have been drawn. Continuing in the patriarchal tradition, Catherine marries Edgar Linton, Edgar provides an illusion of complimentarity. (Ibid, 429) However, holding true to the hysteric tradition, in the end Bronte rejects this relationship by killing Catherine. Here Brontes ability to question the patriarch is the strongest. By deliberately killing Catherine, Bronte asks if whether the only way a woman can acquire her needs is by simply ceasing to exist. She doesnt have a choice but either to follow, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the hysterics ambiguous choice into a femininity which doesnt workà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Ibid, 429), this pertains to Catherine mar rying someone not of her choice. The other option is to finally be united with Heathcliff, after suffering death, which is very much an ineffective state. In conclusion, Mitchells essay effectively brings together her four primary concerns: literature, gender politics, psychoanalysis and feminism. In doing so she is successfully able to draw parallels between the limited ability of a woman under a patriarchal construct to the complex machinations of a pre and post Oedipal affected society. In order to encompass a wholesome argument, instead of a radical feminine approach, Mitchell suggests an alternative symbolic universe, where while simultaneously working within the borders of a phallocentric society, a woman is still able to express her femininity.

Cross-Linguistic and Cross-Cultural Identity Essay

I grew up in a country whose native language is not English. But I grew up learning the English language nevertheless. In my home, we had access to English shows which I was constantly exposed to at a very young age. This is the reason why I learned English without much conscious effort. The language learning was taking place within the sub-conscious, which is the best way to learn any language: constant exposure at a very young age. Mei-Yu (1998, paragraph 2) once said that in the acquisition of oral language, â€Å"young children are active agents†, constantly refining and defining the inputs that they get from their surroundings in way that makes sense to them. Children create hypotheses about language rules, constantly filtering them through active engagement with the more competent language users in their immediate environment. Unconsciously, they learn to recognize contexts and begin acquiring fine discrimination in their use of a language. Looking back, I guess the constant exposure to the English language is the reason why I grew up knowing how to use it. There was never a conscious effort on my part to use or learn English, because it was already ingrained in my person. The people in my household knew English and spoke it on many occasions. I also had access to English books which strengthened my phonological awareness or sound-symbol relationships. This happened side by side while I was learning my mother language as well. As a child with a facility for the English language, I was subject to an excess of attention that I would not have received otherwise, had I just spoken our native tongue and nothing else. There is a prestige attached to the English language that makes people in my country take a second look and listen closely to what I have to say. They also make speculations as to whether my family is reach and if I grew up in the United States or have been travelling there on a regular basis. Such is the high stature of the English language in my country that if you speak it well enough, most people that you are rich or your family is. Growing up, my situation as a multi-lingual was even more fascinating. Perhaps it was because as I grew older, I became more aware of people’s actuations, and I am also more able to discern their motivations for why they act the way they do towards me. In my country there is a fascination for the English language because there is a fascination for the country. My people look at the United States as magical place where dreams come true, and life is generally better. To them, it seems like those who can speak the English language have greater chances of going to the United States as well. This general notion extends in every situation. That is why in every conversation where my ability to speak the English language is displayed, people seem to treat me better and pay me more attention. Sometimes, in order to avoid embarrassment, I hide my fluency in English when interacting with my community. Clearly, there is an overt favor towards those who speak the language, as if we are better than the rest of the local people. This is consistently true in all areas of endeavors, from school to social, to professional career. It is a sad situation, but true nevertheless, and I used my fluency in English and strive to make more of myself, in order to meet society’s expectations. Sometimes it can be difficult, trying to rise up to expectations, but I felt that it was my duty to do so, especially for those who sincerely believed that I could. The situation changed when I moved to the United States. If you are multi-lingual, you are regarded as ethnic, especially if your pronunciation has a very thick and recognizable accent. You will be subject to stereotyping, and in some cases, be even regarded as second class citizens. While I am not saying that everyone will react negatively to your accent or your use of your mother language, it is a reality that there are some people who will take it against you. If there is any field that multilingualism is always an advantage, and that is in the corporate world. This is especially true in the age of globalism, where most companies deal with overseas transactions. Being multilingual means that I can communicate with my colleagues, and at the same time be able to communicate with a client or supplier who speaks my mother tongue, but nothing else. Thus, I am able to bridge the communication gap and make sure that there will be no misunderstandings and conflict later on because of the language barrier. Actually, upon deeper reflection, I realize that people do not react to your multilingualism as much as they are reacting to the accent or how you speak the English language. The lesser your accent, the better people regard you. And this is true regardless or what place you are in. What we speak and how we speak, speak about our history as an individual. How we speak makes a statement towards who we are as a person. And people, for better or for worse, react to that. In an era of increasing globalization, more and more people want to learn English to make themselves more marketable and competitive. However, the value of the mother tongue should never be forgotten. Our mother language keeps our identity intact and sets us apart from the rest. Knowing English is the ship that will help us to get where we want to go, but it is our mother tongue that will be our anchor; the one that will help us find our way should we get lost. Reference Lu, Mei-Yu. (1998). Language Learning in Social and Cultural Contexts. ERIC Digest. Retrieved: April 14, 2007 from http://www. ericdigests. org/1999-2/language. htm

Rate of return

Depending on the facts and circumstances involved In a particular research and development arrangement, true payments by the entity to the other parties ostensibly for royalties or to purchase the partnership's interests in or to obtain the exclusive rights to the research and development results might actually be any of the following: * a. The settlement of a borrowing ; b. The purchase price of an asset * c. The royalties for the use of an asset.The financial reporting of an entity that is a party to a research and development arrangement should represent faithfully what It purports to represent and should not subordinate substance to form. † Without specific guidance and this as a launching point we need to look at this transaction and really see what's going on. From the agreement presented in the case this Is what I have been able to cull out of the extreme ambiguity.The first piece of the agreement we should comb over Is the future royalties to be received by PIE from the sales of an established Pharmacy drug for a defined period of time. An established drug in the market has reasonably estimable future cash flows. I. E†¦ Pilfer could predict with reasonably certainty sales of Vicarage this year. Thus, PIE Is constructively lending Pharmacy money now, with repayment of the borrowing coming in the form of royalties for a defined period of time.Lending money with recurring repayments of that principal over a defined period of time is essentially a bond. That Is also what Is going on here. The question is how much is PIE lending Pharmacy? If we accept that the future royalties associated with Pharmacy existing drug are reasonably estimable and for a defined period of time, we can do some math and discount the future cash flows and apply an appropriate return for similar debt Instruments' cash flows to arrive at exactly how much of Pep's money to Pharmacy Is constructive lending.The number we arrive at for the constructive lending would be recorded as a note receivable (or more specific verbiage could be used) for PIE and a payable for Pharmacy in the form of a royalty payable to satisfy lending obligation. Now, as Pharmacy proceeds with their best efforts in developing drug X, and the amount of cumulative cash PIE has Infused Into Pharmacy at each threshold exceeds the amount previously quantified as constructive lending we have a new situation. The money is no longer lending, so what is it?ACS 730-20-25-8 states: â€Å"To the extent Tanat ten Atlanta rills escalate Walt n ten research Ana development NAS Eden transferred because repayment of any of the funds provided by the other parties depends solely on the results of the research and development having future economic benefit, the entity shall account for its obligation as a contract to perform research and development for others. † If we look from Pep's point of view, they inserted the future royalties of the existing drug into the agreement as a guaranteed retur n of some of their invested capital.We can assume the PEE fund isn't incompetent and understand that up to a certain investment point, presumably to the same dollar amount of expected cash flows from the existing drug royalties they are entitled to, they can't say that a return on investment drug X is more likely than not. However, once they start giving their incremental investments beyond the constructive lending amount we quantified earlier I think it is safe to say PIE sees a return on drug X as probable. So, PIE would need to record any cash sent to Pharmacy beyond the constructive lending amount as an investment, Just as any other investment is recorded.They would need to be wary of impairment, perhaps, more so than other forms of investment, but this is strictly now an investment in Pharmacy. For Pharmacy, as stated in ACS 730-20-25-8 above, now has an obligation to perform research and development in the amount of any cash provided by PIE in excess of the constructive lendin g portion of the agreement. As we saw in ACS 730-20-05-9 at the top of this analysis of the agreement, there is an extreme amount of supposition involved in these types of R&D agreements and the code says they need to be accounted for with the substance of the transaction above the form.I believe the aforementioned constructive lending portion and investment portion of the agreement satisfy the substance of the arrangement best under the circumstances presented. Also, the code itself seems to recognize its lack of ability to clearly delineate the proper accounting treatment and throws us a nice blanket piece of code to ensure the proper disclosure of the agreement in the form of 730-20-50-1 stating, â€Å"An entity that under the provisions of this Subtopic accounts for its obligation under research and development arrangement as a contract to perform research and development for others shall disclose both of the following: * a.The terms of significant agreements under the research and development arrangement (including royalty arrangements, purchase provisions, license agreements, and commitments to provide additional funding) as of the date of each balance sheet presented * b. The amount of compensation earned and costs incurred under such contracts for each period for which an income statement is presented. † This Just means the agreement needs to be disclosed on both ends.

Shoreline Assessment And Lake Management - 2730 Words

Shoreline Assessment and Lake Management Lakes face several problems, however, some of which stand out include Eutrophication as well as Shoreline development, which happens in consequence to eroision. Both of these processes are constantly at work, these problems are created by either natural forces or even by humans. Eutrophication is the addition of minerals into lake water, these minerals include Nitrogen, as well as Phosphorous. It is said that warmth and light both affect the overall process of eutrophication. The process of eutrophication occurs only in certain lakes, however the perfect chemistry must be present. It can be said that several lakes around developed areas go through â€Å"cultural eutrophication† this can be better†¦show more content†¦Shorelines, the narrow strips of land located along body of water. These areas are also transition zones where land and water meet to create unique and highly efficient ecosystems. Shorelines are valuable resources that provide numerous social, economic and environmental aid. For example, shoreline ecosystems help purify water by filtering out sediment and trapping pollutants, including fertilizer and pesticide residues and absorbing excess nutrients from both natural and human sources that increase by human interaction . Shore lines also stabilize and protect the shores from erosion through presence of vegetation and limit flooding by absorbing water by creating buffer sediments. The littoral zone, extends from the depth to which sunlight can penetrate all the way on shore to a distance from 10-20 meters, depending on the slope. This zone supports and contains up to 90% of the life in a water body.( Schelenz, 2002) Shoreline development, and other aspects (FIX THIS) To further understand shoreline one must first understand the different types of shorelines. Shoreline classified in to four categories; however, in doing so we must consider both human and natural impacts. Ornamental shorelines are areas that have been developed to focus on the shore’s aesthetical look and industrial value, with little attention to ecological consequences. There